Programming Language Kya Hai?

Programming Concept:

Computer problem ko solve karne ke liye, computer program ko prepare karne ke process ko Programming Technique kahte hain. Is problem mein instructions stepwise likhe jaate hain, inhi steps ke dwara program ke execution ko aagey badhaya jaata hai, jisse ki computer di gayi problems ko easily samajh sake.

Computer programming ke liye zaruri hai ki programs easy language mein likhe jaayein. Is language ko likhne waala person programmer kahlaata hai, lekin user ko us language ki knowledge hona zaruri hai, jis language mein wo program likh raha ho.

Computer ke liye program likhne se pahle ek planning karni padti hai, jisse ki program mein error na aa sake aur time ki saving ho, isliye program ko likhne ke liye kuch steps ko follow karna zaruri hota hai—

(1) Problems ko samajhna

(2) Input ko check karna

(3) Output ki planning karna

(4) Algorithm ko prepare karna

(5) Program ke actual structure ko banana

(6) Program ko Test karna

Kisi bhi program ko likhne ke liye basically three types ke program model hote hain, jinke dwara program ke structure ko prepare kiya jaa sakta hai like—

(1) Algorithm

(2) Flow Chart

(3) Pseudo Code.

Programming Languages:

Language communication ka medium hoti hai. Jis prakaar kisi language ki zarurat ek person ko dusre person se baat karne ke liye hoti hai, usi tarha programming languages computer aur user ke beech ek communication medium hai, jiske through user computer ko ye batata hai ki use kaunsa process karna hai, jiske base par computer user ko result deta hai.

Data Communication Kya Hai

Programming languages ko likhne ke liye kuch rules hote hain, jinhe Syntax Rules kahte hain. Computer programming language likhne ke liye hamari common English language hi use hoti hai, jinhe remember karna bahot easy hota hai.

Computer ke through different type ke kaam different-different field mein karaye jaate hain, lekin har field mein use hone waali language same nahi hoti hai, isliye computer ke liye programming language use hoti hai, jiska use har field mein easily hota hai. E.g:- Engineering, Designing, Robotics etc. field mein programming languages ka hi use hota hai. Programming language ke development ko basically four parts mein divide kiya gaya hai—

(1) Machine Language (First Generation Programming Language)

(2) Assembly Language (Second Generation Programming Language)

(3) High Level Language (Third Generation Programming Language)

(4) 4GL (Fourth Generation Programming Language)

Computer Ke Internal Structure Kya Hai

(1) Machine Language (1GL): Machine language ek aisi language hai, jise computer hi samajh sakta hai. Machine language 0 & 1 par based hai, jise binary numbers kahte hain, jo ki sirf computer dwara hi samjhi jaati hai. Isme 0 ka matlab Low ya Off hota hai, jabki 1 ka matlab High ya On hota hai. Machine language bahot hi difficult language thi jiska use first generation ke computer mein hota tha.

(2) Assembly Language (2GL): Machine language mein kaam karna bahot difficult hota tha, isliye aisi language ka development kiya gaya jo numbers par  based na hokar words par based thi, ise Assembly language kaha gaya. In assembly language ke works signal ko Mnemonic Signal kahte hain e.g: Multiply ek Mnemonic Machine signal hai, jo Multiplication ko show karta hai.

Jaisa ki hum sabhi jaante hain, computer instructions ko machine language mein hi samjhta hai, isliye Assembly language ke execution se pahle ise machine language mein translate kiya jaata hai, aur ye kaam ek software ke through kiya jaata hai, jise Assembler kahte hain. Assembly language mein likhe program ko Source Program kahte hain, aur jab ise machine language mein convert kiya jaata hai to ye Object Program kahlata hai.

Hardware Aur Software Kya Hai

(3) High Level Language (3GL): Jaise-jaise computer ka development hota gaya, waise waise ye feel kiya gaya ki low level Languages bahot difficult hai aur aisi language ki zarurat mahsus ki gayi jo seekhne, likhne aur samajhne mein easy ho, isliye aisi language ka development hua jo common life mein use hone waali English language ke jaisi ho.

Aisi computer languages jinke instructions English mein likhe jaate hain, High Level Languages (HLL) kahlati hain. Lekin computer common life mein use ki jaane waali English language ko directly nahi samajh sakta, isliye high level language mein likhe gaye program ko translator ki help se machine language mein translate kiya jaata hai. High Level Language ko machine language mein translate karne ke liye 2 type ke translators ka use hota hai—

(1) Interpreter

(2) Compiler

Language Translator Kya Hai

Interpreter- Interpreter ek special type ka Translator Program hai, jo HLL (High Level Language) ko machine language mein translate karne ke liye use kiya jaata hai. Ye HLL mein likhe program ke instruction ko ek ek karke machine language mein translate karke uska execution karta hai.

Compiler- Compiler ka use bhi user HLL ko machine language mein convert karne ke liye karta hai. Ye ek aisa translator program hai jo HLL mein likhe program ke ek-ek instruction ko translate aur execute na karke saare programs ko ek hi baar mein machine language mein translate kar deta hai.

(4) Fourth Generation Language (4GL): Fourth generation ki language ka use karna bahot easy hota hai aur ye new application program, data processing ke liye banaye jaate hain. Data processing ka matlab new data add karna, unwanted data ko remove karna ya zarurat ke anusaar data mein changes karna hai.

Fourth generation languages Non-Procedural hoti hain, matlab user sirf kaam ko batata hai ki kya kaam karna hai. Is type ki language mein command dena bahot easy hota hai. Ek hi command ke base par hum data par based report bana sakte hain aur use pointer dwara print bhi kar sakte hain.

Is type ki language DBMS ka special use karti hai, jismein data serial wise store hota hai aur zarurat padne par easily extract kiya jaa sakta hai.

Operating System Kya Hai

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